Mars Missions: Should We Take Resources or Make Them In Situ?

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Human exploration of Mars has long captured the imagination of scientists and engineers. A critical decision for future Mars missions is whether to transport ascent propellants and life support resources from Earth or produce them on the Martian surface—a debate centered on cost, reliability, and logistical feasibility.

Historically, the concept of reducing "Initial Mass in Low Earth Orbit" (IMLEO) drove mission planning due to high launch costs. Engineers developed technologies like in situ propellant production (ISPP) and life support resource cycling to minimize the payload from Earth. However, with advancements in launch systems and a sharp decline in costs, the feasibility of bringing these resources from Earth has increased.

Key findings from this study include:

  1. Ascent Propellants: Producing oxygen and methane propellants on Mars requires autonomous systems for mining regolith and processing atmospheric CO₂. While these methods reduce IMLEO, they come with significant costs and risks. Current analysis shows that bringing ascent propellants from Earth may be more cost-effective and reliable.

  2. Life Support Resources: Recycling water and air onboard spacecraft can reduce the payload, but developing and validating robust systems for 900-day missions to Mars remains a challenge. A hybrid approach—bringing essential resources and using recycling for enhanced comfort—offers a balance between risk and efficiency.

  3. Launch Logistics: Although lower launch costs favor transporting resources from Earth, the increased payload still demands super-heavy launch vehicles, adding complexity to mission planning.

This research highlights the need for a paradigm shift in Mars mission planning. While in situ resource utilization (ISRU) offers exciting possibilities, it must be carefully weighed against evolving launch economics and technological advancements. By optimizing the balance between "take it" and "make it" approaches, humanity can take a confident step toward becoming an interplanetary species.

Full Text: https://www.igminresearch.com/articles/html/igmin231

PDF Link: igmin.link/p231

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